Create a Profile

In this experiment we had to take what we knew and create a criminal profile for the Suspects, I was not good at creating profiles. there were three categories: what I knew; what I knew but need more testing; and what I do not know

Witness Experiment

In this lab we tried to determine if we would be good Witnesses to crimes. We had to find 4 pictures around the same size and cut out the facial features and try to remember what it looks like. Then we had to mix them up and try to put them back together. I determined that I would not be a good witness. I think that if I had more time I would have been able to get better at it.

History of Handwriting

In 1875, the French Abbot, Jean Hyppolyte Michon, coined the phrase "Graphology", from the Greek: "Graph" meaning, 'To write' or 'I write', and "Logos" meaning 'doctrine' or 'theory'. Graphology means handwriting At the beginning of the 19th century, the German, Lavater, and the Frenchmen, Edouard Hocquart and Abbé Flandrin, developed interpreting handwriting. But it was not until the second half of the century, when Michon published the results of his many years research into individual handwriting movements, that the subject began to arouse public interest. His method gained popularity owing to its simplicity; he studied certain elements in handwriting, namely the 'stroke', the 'letters', the 'words', the 'baseline', 'paragraphs', 'free movements' ('i' dots and 't' bars), 'flourishes', 'punctuation' and 'paraphs'. However, his method of allocating one specific movement to represent one aspect of character, and in particular his assertion that the lack of a movement indicated the opposite characteristic, is now recognized as only being partly accurate. Michon's successors, particularly his student, Jule Crepieux-Jamin disagreed with this principle, and also with the practice of attributing rigid interpretations to single signs. Crepieux-Jamin, who spent his life collating and improving upon Michon's observations, is today credited with founding the "Societé Francais de Graphologie". He defined the various elements of handwriting which today form the basis of the French school of graphology, and divided these elements into seven categories: Dimension, Form, Pressure, Speed, Direction, Layout and Continuity. To every element in the handwriting, Crepieux-Jamin attributed a range of possible meanings; he insisted that the value of any given sign is not fixed and that its significance and interpretation can vary depending upon the other features in the writing. This theory is now supported by all professional graphologists. In other words, no single feature in handwriting can be taken reliably to represent anything  about the writer, unless it is supported by other factors in the writing. At approximately the same time in Germany, William T Preyer recognized the fact that 'handwriting' is in fact 'brainwriting'. He correctly postulated that should the writer lose his writing arm, as did Nelson for example, and have to use the opposite hand, or even the mouth or foot as in the case of paralysis, the same basic tendencies will appear in the script, although obviously not executed with such fluency at first. In 1897, the 2nd "Graphological Periodical" was founded in Germany by Hans Busse (who also formed the Association for Graphological Research). The chief contributors were Dr Georg Meyer and Busse's assistant editor, Dr Ludvig Klages. Meyer's work was important, but even his greatest contributions were overshadowed by the eminence of Klages. Later, Klages moved to Switzerland where he was to continue his research work and create the first complete and systematic theory of graphology. Also in Switzerland, Dr Max Pulver, a renowned psychologist who had a deep interest in graphology, was to make a further contribution, in terms of the symbolism in handwriting, both in direction and in symbolism of space. His division of the handwriting into the three vertical 'zones' explains aspects of the handwriting previously misunderstood, with his formulation of the 'Three Dimensions' - vertical movement, horizontal movement, and depth - providing an integral understanding of graphology as we know it today.

Crime scene

Exhibits: 1. Ripped u

p Note

2. Hair 3. Fingerprint 4. Poss

ible Poison 5. Maggots

6. Decomposed face 7. Two footprints 8. Prints

on glass 9. Fingerprint 10.Fiber 11.Syringe

Poison

est 3: Household Ammonia; 1 was positive for Household Ammonia Test                    1 2 3 odor Pungent Odorless Odorless pH 11 8 7 Phth color Pink/purple Colorless yellow Test 4: Aspirin; 1 was positive for Aspirin Test 1 2 3 pH 2 6 6 BTB color Yellow Green green Test 5: Cyanide; 2 was positive for Cyanide. Test 1 2 3 Fe3 color Colorless Red colorless Test 6: Iodine; 3 was positive for Iodine. Test 1 2 3 Starch color Yellow Red blue Test 1: Metals; 1 was positive for lead. 2 was positive for iron. 3 was negative for everything. Test 1 2 3 KSCN color Colorless Red Yellow KI Yellow precip. Colorless Yellow Acid White precip. Colorless Yellow  Test 2: Sugar; 1,2, and 3 were negative. Test

1 2 3 Benedict Solution Blue Blue Blue

Drugs

In the Drug Activity we had different "Substances" and we had to test to see if it was a drug or not

Drug Analysis Lab Drug PH Cocaine Reagent LSD Reagent 1 Yellow 7Negative Negative 2 green 9 negative negative 3 red 2 Negative Positive 4 Green 8 Negative Negative 5 yellow 6Negative Negative 6 Red 4Negative Positive

Foot print

In this activity we

had to press our shoe print into the sand then we had to analyze it and we repeated it with each member in our group

Brandon analysis: On this one there a few distinct patterns like on the sides of the footprints there were rectangles as in blocks this one is big so I think it is from a male.

Experiment title: footprint analysis for Sammi Date:11/17/11 Time:11:58 Observer’s name: Brandon, Iyanna, Natassja Weather Conditions: Partly cloudy Temperature: 64of Wind Direction: (NW) Wind gust: 46mph Wind speed: 29 mph Relative humidity: 73% Most Recent Precipitation: Rain 11/16/11 Substrate: Sand Number of Track’s identified: 1 Impression measurements: Length 9 1/2 inches Width: 3 1/2 inches Position in track series: Forward Direction of Track way: North On this one there was a curved line going down through the footprint there is also a few crisscrossed lines around the back of the heel.

experiment title: footprint analysis for NatassjaDate:11/17/11 Time:11:42 Observer’s name: Brandon, Iyanna, Sammie Weather Conditions: Partly cloudy Temperature: 64of Wind Direction: (NW) Wind gust: 46mph Wind speed: 29 mph Relative humidity: 83% Most Recent Precipitation: Rain 11/16/11 Substrate: Sand Number of Track’s identified: 1 Impression measurements:Length: 10 inchesWidth(widest, generally ball of foot): 5 inches Position in track series: Forward Direction of Track way: North Analysis: There was a slight heel because one part was deeper than the other side. It looked as though there was a line going down the middle of the sole opposite to the heel. This was clearly from a woman because of the heel.

Famous forgery case

In 1795 a Mr. Ireland brought forward what he claimed to be a new version of "Kynge Leare" which was allegedly written by William Shakespeare himself. In 1796, Edward Malone published a refutation of this document. Mr. Malone had discovered that the questioned manuscript contained pages with twenty different watermarks. He reasoned that an author of Shakespeare's caliber who was also famous and affluent at the time Lear was written, would have gone to a papermaker and secured as much paper of one type as was needed for his work. But someone who wanted to forge an Elizabethan play 200 years later would ferret out such scraps of old paper as he could - from the flyleaves and blank pages of old manuscripts. Indeed, in 1805 the forger wrote his confession and admitted that he had done exactly that. He had paid a bookseller to let him cut out blank pages from the older volumes in his shop.

12 characteristics of handwriting

1. Line Quality- Do the letters flow or are they written with very intent strokes 2. Spacing of words and letters- what is the average space between words and letters? 3. Ratio of height, width, and size of letters- are the letters consistent in height, width, and size? 4. Lifting pen: Does the author lift his or her pen to stop writing a word and start writing a new word?

5. Connecting strokes: How are capital letters connected to lower case letters? 6. Strokes to begin and end- where does the letter begin and end on a page? 7. Unusual letter formation- Are any letters written with unusual slants or angles? Are some letters printed rather written in cursive? 8. Pen pressure- How much pressure is applied on upward and downward strokes? 9. Slant- Do letters slant to the left or right? If slant is pronounces, a protractor may be used to determine the degree. 10.Baseline Habits- Does the author write on the line or does the writing go above or below the line? 11.Fancy writing habits- Are there any unusual curls, loops, or unique styles? 12.Placement of Diacritics- How does the author cross the t’s or dot the i’s

Case where hair and fiber exonerate a suspect

Perry Harder of Winnipeg had been shot several times in the chest in September 1990. Driskell — his friend — was convicted and sentenced to life in prison a year later. The RCMP said three hair samples found in Driskell's van were Harder's, and that evidence convicted him. Later test results from the U.K. found none of the hairs belonged to Harder.
Driskell was granted bail in November 2003. The federal justice minister at the time, Liberal Irwin Cotler, quashed the conviction and ordered a new trial in 2005 with a lot of influence from The Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted. Despite that, the Manitoba government opted to stay the trial and end the case without exonerating Driskell. It also called for a public inquiry into the case. A lot of the witnesses were “Persuaded” to tell stories about him that would convict him. The main witness for the prosecution was paid off to tell his story.. The report also said the failure of the Crown to disclose information to the defence was "careless indifference."

Reliability of Hair and Fiber

If and when Hair and Fiber analysis can give significant information, the results are rarely considered conclusive. DNA from hair may be extracted from hair which then can be tested, and therefore give results that are considered accurate. Fiber evidence must be associated with an alleged source by the process of statistical elimination.

Typical Hair/fiber analysis and how scientists use the data

Hair and Fiber samples are put under an microscope and examined. Then if there is one to compare it to the use an comparison microscope to analyze and to determine if there is a match.

Hair/Fiber collection techniques

Hair

1. if possible use fingers/tweezers to pick up the hair then seal in paper bindiles or coin envelopes, then seal in a larger envelope. Label

2. if it is in dry blood, or caught in metal, or a crack of glass. Then don't try to remove it. take the object if it is small and wrap it and mark it. if it is large then wrap it in paper.

Fiber:

For threads or large Fibers


1. Pick up and put in paper bindle, then in a coin enevelope
2. then seal and lable
**Do Not put the fiber directly into mailing envelope it can be lost.

If Fibers are short or few in number

1. Wrap the whole area or the entire item and send it to the laboratory
2.Only pick up fibers with tape if the laboratory in your jurisdiction allows it.
3. send all clothing from persons which the fibers may have originated from.

Five major types of Fibers

1. Spider Silk
2. Sinew
3. Catgut
4. Wool
5. Hemp

Complete part of a Hair

History of Hair and Fiber analysis

History of Hair analysis

In 1857, France published one of the first scientific reports regarding trichology(study of hair). In the 20th century hair examination became a rapidly expanding field. In 1977, John Hick's "Microscopy of Hairs: A Practical Guide and Manual" Laid out the ground work for the use of hair evidence by forensic examiners.

Lifting Fingerprints

The most commonly used technique is to take a brush and light/dark powder depending on the surface and dusting the print, then using special sticky tape to take the the powder that has shaped to the fingerprint

The fingerprint Analyzer will attempt to match it with another one in the FBI’s IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System).

Fingerprint dusting works because it sticks to the oil in the print. The sticky tape is used to lift the oil and dust.

Basic shapes and patterns of fingerprints

The Arch pattern is made up of ridges lying one above the other in a general arching formation.

The tented arch pattern consists of at least one upthrusting ridge, which tends to bisect superior ridges at right angles, more or less.

The loop pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and one delta.

In order to distinguish between ulnar and radial loops you must:
1)  know from which hand the loop pattern comes from and;
2) place your hand palm side down over top of the impression and determine if the recurving ridges originate from the little finger side or the thumb side.

If the ridges flow in from the little finger side this would be an 'ulnar' loop.  If the ridges flow in from the thumb side this would be a 'radial' loop.
The whorl pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and two points of delta.  When the line of the fingerprint disc is placed on the two points of delta, it will bisect at least one of the ridges belonging to the core group.

In the twinned loop pattern, the recurving ridges present two loop formations, separate and apart.  There are two points of delta.  The flows for the deltas originate from the same side of the pattern.

The central pocket loop pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and two points of delta.  When the line of the fingerprint disc is placed on the two points of delta, it will fail to bisect any of the ridges belonging to the core group.

In the lateral pocket loop pattern, the recurving ridges present two loop formations, separate and apart. There are two points of delta.  The flows for the deltas originate from the same side of the pattern.
The composite pattern is composed of two or more different patterns, separate and apart exclusive of the arch.

The accidental pattern will contain two points of delta. One delta will be related to a recurve and the other will be related to an upthrust.

Techniques and Chemicals used to develop prints

Hard and Nonabsorbent surfaces(Mirrors, tile, glass, and painted wood) are developed with the application of powder. There are different powders for different surfaces, and are available in different colors and compositions. the best powder is one that shows the best contrast with the surface being examined. Black and Gray powders are generally best for most latent prints. The black powder is composed of black carbon or charcoal, which is why it is used on light-colored or white surfaces. The gray powder is composed of aluminum dust so it is used on dark-colored surfaces. Aluminum dust is also Applied to mirrors and metal surfaces that are polished to a mirror-like finish, because these surface's will photgraph black. The powders are applies lightly to a nonabsorbant surface with a fiberglass or camel's-hair brush, this will stick to perspiration residue/deposits of body oils left on the surface. Magnetic-sensitive powder is spread over a surface with a magnet in the form of a magna brush. While using this method it decreases the chance of damaging or comepletely destroying the print because the magna brush does not have bristles that touch the surface. Flourescent powders can also be used to develop latent prints, these will show under a ultraviolet light.

Soft and Porous surfaces(Such as cloth, paper, and cardboard) are made visible by the treatment of chemicals. The oldest method is iodine fuming, this is based on the fact that iodine has the property to sublime. When heated iodine can change from a solid crystal to a vapor without passing through the liquid phase. they take the suspect material and put it in a cabinet with iodine crystals. while heated, the vapors will combine with the constituesnts of the latent print and make it visable. However, once the process has stopped, the print will begin to fade, this is why it must be photographed or sprayed with a 1% solution of starch in water, which will turn the print blue and make it last for several weeks to several months. Another chemical used in silver nitrate, after it is applied ultraviolet light is used to develop the print. This is made possible because the chemical reaction between sodium chloride(left form Perspiration evaporating) and silver nitrate, this forms the colorless silver chloride. After a 3% solution is brushed onto the evidential object and exposed to ultraviolet light, a silver print will be shown as a reddish-brown or black color. Ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate) is dependent on the chemical reaction to form a purple-blue color with amino acids present in trace amounts in perspiration. The 0.6% solution of ninhydrin powder with a suitable solvent, such as Acetone or Ethyl Alcohol. This is usually sprayed onto the porous surface with an aersol can. Prints begin to appear within an hour or two, and if heated in an oven or on a hotplate at a temperature of 80-100 degrees C, can be hastened. Another chemical treatment for Fingerprint development is super glue fuming. Using this method produces a white-appearing latent print. Super glue is approximately 98 to 99% cyanoacrylate ester. This chemical actually interacts with and visualizes a latent fingerprint. Cyanoacrylate ester fumes can be created when super glue is place on absorbent cotton treated with sodium hydroxide or by heating the glue. The fumes and the suspect material are contained in an enclosed chamber for up to six hours.

With these various methods, the one chosen depends on the surface to be worked on. Powders should be selected when the surface is smooth, while chemicals for soft and porous surfaces. When attempting to utilize all of the chemical methods of development, one should use iodine fuming first, ninhydrin second, then silver nitrate, and finally super glue fuming if it applies. This is the procedure for optimum visualization because iodine fuming is not permanent, and if ninhydrin fails, silver nitrate can be used but will wash away all the fatty oils and proteins from the surface. Hence, silver nitrate is used last if super glue fuming is not used.

Fingerprinting: Types

Direct Fingerprints are Prints that are visible and occur when a Foreign Substance on the skin of the finger comes in contact with the smooth surface of another object. Prints like this leaves a distinct ridge Impression that is visable to the naked eye and does not need special equipment to see it. Examples of Direct Prints are Blood or oil on such as a white wall.


Plastic Prints are visible impressed prints that occur when a finger touches a soft, malleable surface resulting in an indentation. Examples are Play Doh, Wax, Gum, or fresh paint. Prints like this do not need any Special equipment to see them.


Latent Prints are Fingerprint impressions secreted in a surface or an object and cannot be seen by the naked eye. These prints result from perspiration which is derived from sweat pores found in the ridges of fingers. When Fingers touch other body parts, moisture, oil and grease adhere to the ridges so that when the fingers touch and object, such as a lamp, a film of these substances may be transferred to that object. The impression left on the object leaves a distinct outline of the ridges of that finger. These fingerprints must be enhanced upon collection and, because they serve as a means of identifying the source of the Print, they have proven to be extremely valuable over the years in the identification of the source.

Fingerprints:The History

The History of Fingerprints:

The fingerprint was first introduced in 14th century Persia, the government had fingerprint impressions and a doctor observed that no two were alike

1686
Marcello Malpighi was a professor of anatomy at the universtiy of Bologna, Noted Ridges, Spirals and loops in fingerprints.
1823
John Evangelist Purkinji was a professor of anatomy at the university of Breslau, published a thesis discussing the 9 fingerprint patterns.
1856
In July the english first began using fingerprints when Sir William Herschel the Cheif Magistrate used fingerprints on native contracts, he also observed that inked impressions could prove or disprove identity.
1870

Dr. Henry Faulds; the British Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukiji hospital in tokyo, japan studied "Skin-Furrows" after noticing Fingerprints on specimens of "Prehistoric Pottery", Dr. Faulds also developed a method of classification.
1880
Faulds discussed fingerprinting as a means of personal identification, and the use of ink from printers as a method for obtaining such fingerprints. He is also credited with the first fingerprint ID of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle.
1882
Gilbert Thompson was working the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico when he used his own Fingerprints on a document to prevent forgery. this was the first known use of fingerprints in the U.S.A.
1883
"Life on the Mississippi" by Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) was the first book where they used fingerprints for identification purposes.
1888
Sir Francis Galton was British Anthropologist and the cousin of Charles Darwin,and began observations of fingerprints as means of identification in the 1880's. he published a book in 1892 called "Fingerprints" which established the individuality of fingerprint. This book also included the first classification of fingerprints.
1891-1892
In 1891 an Argentine Police Official named Juan Vucetich, began the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types. at first he also used the Bertillon system with the files. in 1892 he made the first criminal fingerprint identification. He was able to identify a woman named Rojas, who had murdered her two sons, and cut her own throat in an attempt to place blame on someone else, she left a bloody fingerprint on a door post proving her identity as the murderer.
1901
Fingerprints were first introduced in England and Wales, using Galton's observations that were revised by Sir Edward Henry, which began the Henry Classification system, which is used in all English Speaking countries
1903
The New York state prison system began the first systematic use of fingerprints in U.S. for criminals
1904
the use of fingerprints began in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, and the St. Louis Police Department. They were assisted by a sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been on duty at the St. Louis Exposition guarding the British Display.
1905
The U.S. Army started using Fingerprints two years later the U.S. Navy also started using Fingerprints the Marine Corp also started using fingerprints. During the next 25 years more law enforcement agencies join in the use of fingerprints as a means of personal identification. Many of these agencies began sending copies of their fingerprint cards to the National Bureau of Criminal ID
1918
Edmond Locard wrote that if 12 points(Galton's Details) were the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive identification. There is no required number of points necessary for an ID
1924
An act of congress established the Identification Division of the F.B.I.
1946
The F.B.I. had processed 100 million fingerprint cards in manually maintained files. also the AFIS was introduces where they could computerize fingerprints into criminal files.
1999
For all new fingerprints the F.B.I. went to all digital fingerprinting
2002
fingerprint cards are still in use and being processed for all identification purposes

Bibliography

Fingerprints
History
http://safety-identification-products.com/fingerprint-information.html
Pictures
Fingerprint card:
http://onin.com/fp/fmiru/francis_rojas_fps_1892.jpg
Henry Faulds:
http://www.galton.org/fingerprints/faulds.htm
Types of fingerprints
http://www.fingerprinting.com/types-of-fingerprints.php
Pictures
http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-bloody-fingerprint-image17712625
http://sciencefair.math.iit.edu/projects/fingerprints/
http://sciencefair.math.iit.edu/projects/fingerprints/
Technique and chem for developing
Information:
http://www.bxscience.edu/publications/forensics/articles/fingerprinting/f-fing03.htm
Pictures
http://fingerprinting.umwblogs.org/invention/international-implementation/
http://www.inds.co.uk/forensics/superglue.htm
http://www.bxscience.edu/publications/forensics/articles/fingerprinting/f-fing03.htm
Basic shapes/patterns of fingerprints
information:
http://ridgesandfurrows.homestead.com/fingerprint_patterns.html
pictures:
http://ridgesandfurrows.homestead.com/fingerprint_patterns.html
Collecting and Lifting Prints
Information:
http://www.waysto.org/ways-to-collect-fingerprints.html
Picture:
http://www.binishi.com/forensic-science/prints/fingerprints-intro/146-2/
Hair And Fiber
History:
http://www.ehow.com/about_6102496_forensic-science_-hair-fiber-analysis.html
Complete Hair Pic:
http://www.sadafherbalhairoil.com/HairLifeCycle.asp
Hair and fiber collection techniques:
http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/collect.html#3
Diffrent types of fiber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibers
Picture of fiber:
http://fireflydiapers.com/articles/diaper-article_natural-fibers-absorb.htm
http://www.lawtechcustompublishing.com/activityKits.asp?pid=18
Reliability of Hair and Fiber:
http://www.ehow.com/about_5640929_forensic-science-hair-fiber-identification.html#ixzz1fXTejytJ
Typical Hair and Fiber analysis
Forensic Science Hair and Fiber Identification | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5640929_forensic-science-hair-fiber-identification.html#ixzz1fXTejytJ
Comparison microscope picture:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_microscope
Wrongfull conviction infor.
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2009/08/06/f-wrongfully-convicted.html
Pic of james dirskell
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2009/08/06/f-wrongfully-convicted.html Famous case: http://qdewill.com/oldsite/famous_cases.htm