History of Hair analysis
In 1857, France published one of the first scientific reports regarding trichology(study of hair). In the 20th century hair examination became a rapidly expanding field. In 1977, John Hick's "Microscopy of Hairs: A Practical Guide and Manual" Laid out the ground work for the use of hair evidence by forensic examiners.
Friday, November 25, 2011
Lifting Fingerprints
The most commonly used technique is to take a brush and light/dark powder depending on the surface and dusting the print, then using special sticky tape to take the the powder that has shaped to the fingerprint
The fingerprint Analyzer will attempt to match it with another one in the FBI’s IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System).
Fingerprint dusting works because it sticks to the oil in the print. The sticky tape is used to lift the oil and dust.
Tuesday, November 22, 2011
Basic shapes and patterns of fingerprints
The Arch pattern is made
up of ridges lying one above the other in a general arching formation.
The tented arch pattern consists
of at least one upthrusting ridge, which tends to bisect superior ridges at right angles, more or less.
The loop pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and one delta.
In order to distinguish bet
ween ulnar and radial loops you must:
1) know from which hand the loop pattern comes from and;
2) place your hand palm side down over top of the impression and determine if the recurving ridges originate from the little finger side or the thumb side.
If the ridges flow in from the little finger side this would be an 'ulnar' loop. If the ridges flow in from the thumb side this would be a 'radial' loop.
The whorl pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and two points of delta. When the line of the fingerprint disc is placed on the two points of delta, it will bisect at least one of the ridges belonging to the core group.
In the twinned loop pattern, the recurving ridges present two loop formations, separate and apart. There are two po
ints of delta. The flows for the deltas originate from the same side of the pattern.
The central pocket loop pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and two points of delta.
When the line of the fingerprint disc is placed on the two points of delta, it will fail to bisect any of the ridges belonging to the core group.
In the lateral pocket loop pattern, the recurving ridges present two loop formations, separate and apart. There are two points of delta. The flows for the deltas originate from the same side of the pattern.
The composite pattern is composed of two or more different patterns, separate and apart exclusive of the arch.
The accidental pattern will contain two points of delta. One delta will be related to a recurve and the other will be related to an upthrust.
up of ridges lying one above the other in a general arching formation.The tented arch pattern consists
of at least one upthrusting ridge, which tends to bisect superior ridges at right angles, more or less.The loop pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and one delta.
In order to distinguish bet
ween ulnar and radial loops you must:1) know from which hand the loop pattern comes from and;
2) place your hand palm side down over top of the impression and determine if the recurving ridges originate from the little finger side or the thumb side.
If the ridges flow in from the little finger side this would be an 'ulnar' loop. If the ridges flow in from the thumb side this would be a 'radial' loop.
The whorl pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and two points of delta. When the line of the fingerprint disc is placed on the two points of delta, it will bisect at least one of the ridges belonging to the core group.
In the twinned loop pattern, the recurving ridges present two loop formations, separate and apart. There are two po
ints of delta. The flows for the deltas originate from the same side of the pattern.The central pocket loop pattern consists of one or more free recurving ridges and two points of delta.
When the line of the fingerprint disc is placed on the two points of delta, it will fail to bisect any of the ridges belonging to the core group.In the lateral pocket loop pattern, the recurving ridges present two loop formations, separate and apart. There are two points of delta. The flows for the deltas originate from the same side of the pattern.
The composite pattern is composed of two or more different patterns, separate and apart exclusive of the arch.
The accidental pattern will contain two points of delta. One delta will be related to a recurve and the other will be related to an upthrust.
Sunday, November 20, 2011
Techniques and Chemicals used to develop prints
Hard and Nonabsorbent surfaces(Mirrors, tile, glass, and painted wood) are developed 
with the application of powder. There are different powders for different surfaces, and are available in different colors and compositions. the best powder is one that shows the best contrast with the surface being examined. Black and Gray powders are generally best for most latent prints. The black powder is composed of black carbon or charcoal, which is why it is used on light-colored or white surfaces. The gray powder is composed of aluminum dust so it is used on dark-colored surfaces. Aluminum dust is also Applied to mirrors and metal surfaces that are polished to a mirror-like finish, because these surface's will photgraph black. The powders are applies lightly to a nonabsorbant surface with a fiberglass or camel's-hair brush, this will stick to perspiration residue/deposits of body oils left on the surface. Magnetic-sensitive powder is spread over a surface with a magnet in the form of a magna brush. While using this method it decreases the chance of damaging or comepletely destroying the print because the magna brush does not have bristles that touch the surface. Flourescent powders can also be used to develop latent prints, these will show under a ultraviolet light.
Soft and Porous surfaces(Such as cloth, paper, and cardboard) are made visible by the treatment of chemicals.
The oldest method is iodine fuming, this is based on the fact that iodine has the property to sublime. When heated iodine can change from a solid crystal to a vapor without passing through the liquid phase. they take the suspect material and put it in a cabinet with iodine crystals. while heated, the vapors will combine with the constituesnts of the latent print and make it visable. However, once the process has stopped, the print will begin to fade, this is why it must be photographed or sprayed with a 1% solution of starch in water, which will turn the print blue and make it last for several weeks to several months. Another chemical used in silver nitrate, after it is applied ultraviolet light is used to develop the print. This is made possible because the chemical reaction between sodium chloride(left form Perspiration evaporating) and silver nitrate, this forms the colorless silver chloride. After a 3% solution is brushed onto the evidential object and exposed to ultraviolet light, a silver print will be shown as a reddish-brown or black color. Ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate) is dependent on the chemical reaction to form a purple-blue color with amino acids present in trace amounts in perspiration. The 0.6% solution of ninhydrin powder with a suitable solvent, such as Acetone or Ethyl Alcohol. This is usually sprayed onto the porous surface with an aersol can. Prints begin to appear within an hour or two, and if heated in an oven or on a hotplate at a temperature of 80-100 degrees C, can be hastened. Another chemical treatment for Fingerprint development is super glue fuming. Using this method produces a white-appearing latent print. Super glue is approximately 98 to 99% 
cyanoacrylate ester. This chemical actually interacts with and visualizes a latent fingerprint. Cyanoacrylate ester fumes can be created when super glue is place on absorbent cotton treated with sodium hydroxide or by heating the glue. The fumes and the suspect material are contained in an enclosed chamber for up to six hours.
With these various methods, the one chosen depends on the surface to be worked on. Powders should be selected when the surface is smooth, while chemicals for soft and porous surfaces. When attempting to utilize all of the chemical methods of development, one should use iodine fuming first, ninhydrin second, then silver nitrate, and finally super glue fuming if it applies. This is the procedure for optimum visualization because iodine fuming is not permanent, and if ninhydrin fails, silver nitrate can be used but will wash away all the fatty oils and proteins from the surface. Hence, silver nitrate is used last if super glue fuming is not used.
with the application of powder. There are different powders for different surfaces, and are available in different colors and compositions. the best powder is one that shows the best contrast with the surface being examined. Black and Gray powders are generally best for most latent prints. The black powder is composed of black carbon or charcoal, which is why it is used on light-colored or white surfaces. The gray powder is composed of aluminum dust so it is used on dark-colored surfaces. Aluminum dust is also Applied to mirrors and metal surfaces that are polished to a mirror-like finish, because these surface's will photgraph black. The powders are applies lightly to a nonabsorbant surface with a fiberglass or camel's-hair brush, this will stick to perspiration residue/deposits of body oils left on the surface. Magnetic-sensitive powder is spread over a surface with a magnet in the form of a magna brush. While using this method it decreases the chance of damaging or comepletely destroying the print because the magna brush does not have bristles that touch the surface. Flourescent powders can also be used to develop latent prints, these will show under a ultraviolet light.Soft and Porous surfaces(Such as cloth, paper, and cardboard) are made visible by the treatment of chemicals.
The oldest method is iodine fuming, this is based on the fact that iodine has the property to sublime. When heated iodine can change from a solid crystal to a vapor without passing through the liquid phase. they take the suspect material and put it in a cabinet with iodine crystals. while heated, the vapors will combine with the constituesnts of the latent print and make it visable. However, once the process has stopped, the print will begin to fade, this is why it must be photographed or sprayed with a 1% solution of starch in water, which will turn the print blue and make it last for several weeks to several months. Another chemical used in silver nitrate, after it is applied ultraviolet light is used to develop the print. This is made possible because the chemical reaction between sodium chloride(left form Perspiration evaporating) and silver nitrate, this forms the colorless silver chloride. After a 3% solution is brushed onto the evidential object and exposed to ultraviolet light, a silver print will be shown as a reddish-brown or black color. Ninhydrin (triketohydrindene hydrate) is dependent on the chemical reaction to form a purple-blue color with amino acids present in trace amounts in perspiration. The 0.6% solution of ninhydrin powder with a suitable solvent, such as Acetone or Ethyl Alcohol. This is usually sprayed onto the porous surface with an aersol can. Prints begin to appear within an hour or two, and if heated in an oven or on a hotplate at a temperature of 80-100 degrees C, can be hastened. Another chemical treatment for Fingerprint development is super glue fuming. Using this method produces a white-appearing latent print. Super glue is approximately 98 to 99% 
cyanoacrylate ester. This chemical actually interacts with and visualizes a latent fingerprint. Cyanoacrylate ester fumes can be created when super glue is place on absorbent cotton treated with sodium hydroxide or by heating the glue. The fumes and the suspect material are contained in an enclosed chamber for up to six hours.With these various methods, the one chosen depends on the surface to be worked on. Powders should be selected when the surface is smooth, while chemicals for soft and porous surfaces. When attempting to utilize all of the chemical methods of development, one should use iodine fuming first, ninhydrin second, then silver nitrate, and finally super glue fuming if it applies. This is the procedure for optimum visualization because iodine fuming is not permanent, and if ninhydrin fails, silver nitrate can be used but will wash away all the fatty oils and proteins from the surface. Hence, silver nitrate is used last if super glue fuming is not used.
Monday, November 14, 2011
Fingerprinting: Types
Direct Fingerprints are Prints that are visible and occur when a Foreign Substance on the skin of the finger comes in contact with the smooth surface of another object. Prints like this leaves a distinct ridge Impression that is visable to the naked eye and does not need special equipment to see it. Examples of Direct Prints are Blood or oil on such as a white wall.
Plastic Prints are visible impressed prints that occur when a finger touches a soft, malleable surface resulting in an indentation. Examples are Play Doh, Wax, Gum, or fresh paint. Prints like this do not need any Special equipment to see them.
Latent Prints are Fingerprint impressions secreted in a surface or an object and cannot be seen by the naked eye. These prints result from perspiration which is derived from sweat pores found in the ridges of fingers. When Fingers touch other body parts, moisture, oil and grease adhere to the ridges so that when the fingers touch and object, such as a lamp, a film of these substances may be transferred to that object. The impression left on the object leaves a distinct outline of the ridges of that finger. These fingerprints must be enhanced upon collection and, because they serve as a means of identifying the source of the Print, they have proven to be extremely valuable over the years in the identification of the source.
Sunday, November 13, 2011
Fingerprints:The History
The History of Fingerprints:
The fingerprint was first introduced in 14th century Persia, the government had fingerprint impressions and a doctor observed that no two were alike
1686
Marcello Malpighi was a professor of anatomy at the universtiy of Bologna, Noted Ridges, Spirals and loops in fingerprints.
1823
John Evangelist Purkinji was a professor of anatomy at the university of Breslau, published a thesis discussing the 9 fingerprint patterns.
1856
In July the english first began using fingerprints when Sir William Herschel the Cheif Magistrate used fingerprints on native contracts, he also observed that inked impressions could prove or disprove identity.
1870
Dr. Henry Faulds; the British Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukiji hospital in tokyo, japan studied "Skin-Furrows" after noticing Fingerprints on specimens of "Prehistoric Pottery", Dr. Faulds also developed a method of classification.
1880
Faulds discussed fingerprinting as a means of personal identification, and the use of ink from printers as a method for obtaining such fingerprints. He is also credited with the first fingerprint ID of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle.
1882
Gilbert Thompson was working the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico when he used his own Fingerprints on a document to prevent forgery. this was the first known use of fingerprints in the U.S.A.
1883
"Life on the Mississippi" by Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) was the first book where they used fingerprints for identification purposes.
1888
Sir Francis Galton was British Anthropologist and the cousin of Charles Darwin,and began observations of fingerprints as means of identification in the 1880's. he published a book in 1892 called "Fingerprints" which established the individuality of fingerprint. This book also included the first classification of fingerprints.
1891-1892
In 1891 an Argentine Police Official named Juan Vucetich, began the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types. at first he also used the Bertillon system with the files. in 1892 he made the first criminal fingerprint identification. He was able to identify a woman named Rojas, who had murdered her two sons, and cut her own throat in an attempt to place blame on someone else, she left a bloody fingerprint on a door post proving her identity as the murderer.
1901
Fingerprints were first introduced in England and Wales, using Galton's observations that were revised by Sir Edward Henry, which began the Henry Classification system, which is used in all English Speaking countries
1903
The New York state prison system began the first systematic use of fingerprints in U.S. for criminals
1904
the use of fingerprints began in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, and the St. Louis Police Department. They were assisted by a sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been on duty at the St. Louis Exposition guarding the British Display.
1905
The U.S. Army started using Fingerprints two years later the U.S. Navy also started using Fingerprints the Marine Corp also started using fingerprints. During the next 25 years more law enforcement agencies join in the use of fingerprints as a means of personal identification. Many of these agencies began sending copies of their fingerprint cards to the National Bureau of Criminal ID
1918
Edmond Locard wrote that if 12 points(Galton's Details) were the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive identification. There is no required number of points necessary for an ID
1924
An act of congress established the Identification Division of the F.B.I.
1946
The F.B.I. had processed 100 million fingerprint cards in manually maintained files. also the AFIS was introduces where they could computerize fingerprints into criminal files.
1999
For all new fingerprints the F.B.I. went to all digital fingerprinting
2002
fingerprint cards are still in use and being processed for all identification purposes
The fingerprint was first introduced in 14th century Persia, the government had fingerprint impressions and a doctor observed that no two were alike
1686
Marcello Malpighi was a professor of anatomy at the universtiy of Bologna, Noted Ridges, Spirals and loops in fingerprints.
1823
John Evangelist Purkinji was a professor of anatomy at the university of Breslau, published a thesis discussing the 9 fingerprint patterns.
1856
In July the english first began using fingerprints when Sir William Herschel the Cheif Magistrate used fingerprints on native contracts, he also observed that inked impressions could prove or disprove identity.
1870
Dr. Henry Faulds; the British Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukiji hospital in tokyo, japan studied "Skin-Furrows" after noticing Fingerprints on specimens of "Prehistoric Pottery", Dr. Faulds also developed a method of classification.
1880
Faulds discussed fingerprinting as a means of personal identification, and the use of ink from printers as a method for obtaining such fingerprints. He is also credited with the first fingerprint ID of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle.
1882
Gilbert Thompson was working the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico when he used his own Fingerprints on a document to prevent forgery. this was the first known use of fingerprints in the U.S.A.
1883
"Life on the Mississippi" by Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) was the first book where they used fingerprints for identification purposes.
1888
Sir Francis Galton was British Anthropologist and the cousin of Charles Darwin,and began observations of fingerprints as means of identification in the 1880's. he published a book in 1892 called "Fingerprints" which established the individuality of fingerprint. This book also included the first classification of fingerprints.
1891-1892
In 1891 an Argentine Police Official named Juan Vucetich, began the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types. at first he also used the Bertillon system with the files. in 1892 he made the first criminal fingerprint identification. He was able to identify a woman named Rojas, who had murdered her two sons, and cut her own throat in an attempt to place blame on someone else, she left a bloody fingerprint on a door post proving her identity as the murderer.
1901
Fingerprints were first introduced in England and Wales, using Galton's observations that were revised by Sir Edward Henry, which began the Henry Classification system, which is used in all English Speaking countries
1903
The New York state prison system began the first systematic use of fingerprints in U.S. for criminals
1904
the use of fingerprints began in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, and the St. Louis Police Department. They were assisted by a sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been on duty at the St. Louis Exposition guarding the British Display.
1905
The U.S. Army started using Fingerprints two years later the U.S. Navy also started using Fingerprints the Marine Corp also started using fingerprints. During the next 25 years more law enforcement agencies join in the use of fingerprints as a means of personal identification. Many of these agencies began sending copies of their fingerprint cards to the National Bureau of Criminal ID
1918Edmond Locard wrote that if 12 points(Galton's Details) were the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive identification. There is no required number of points necessary for an ID
1924
An act of congress established the Identification Division of the F.B.I.
1946
The F.B.I. had processed 100 million fingerprint cards in manually maintained files. also the AFIS was introduces where they could computerize fingerprints into criminal files.
1999
For all new fingerprints the F.B.I. went to all digital fingerprinting
2002
fingerprint cards are still in use and being processed for all identification purposes
Bibliography
Fingerprints
History
http://safety-identification-products.com/fingerprint-information.html
Pictures
Fingerprint card:
http://onin.com/fp/fmiru/francis_rojas_fps_1892.jpg
Henry Faulds:
http://www.galton.org/fingerprints/faulds.htm
Types of fingerprints
http://www.fingerprinting.com/types-of-fingerprints.php
Pictures
http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-bloody-fingerprint-image17712625
http://sciencefair.math.iit.edu/projects/fingerprints/
http://sciencefair.math.iit.edu/projects/fingerprints/
Technique and chem for developing
Information:
http://www.bxscience.edu/publications/forensics/articles/fingerprinting/f-fing03.htm
Pictures
http://fingerprinting.umwblogs.org/invention/international-implementation/
http://www.inds.co.uk/forensics/superglue.htm
http://www.bxscience.edu/publications/forensics/articles/fingerprinting/f-fing03.htm
Basic shapes/patterns of fingerprints
information:
http://ridgesandfurrows.homestead.com/fingerprint_patterns.html
pictures:
http://ridgesandfurrows.homestead.com/fingerprint_patterns.html
Collecting and Lifting Prints
Information:
http://www.waysto.org/ways-to-collect-fingerprints.html
Picture:
http://www.binishi.com/forensic-science/prints/fingerprints-intro/146-2/
Hair And Fiber
History:
http://www.ehow.com/about_6102496_forensic-science_-hair-fiber-analysis.html
Complete Hair Pic:
http://www.sadafherbalhairoil.com/HairLifeCycle.asp
Hair and fiber collection techniques:
http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/collect.html#3
Diffrent types of fiber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibers
Picture of fiber:
http://fireflydiapers.com/articles/diaper-article_natural-fibers-absorb.htm
http://www.lawtechcustompublishing.com/activityKits.asp?pid=18
Reliability of Hair and Fiber:
http://www.ehow.com/about_5640929_forensic-science-hair-fiber-identification.html#ixzz1fXTejytJ
Typical Hair and Fiber analysis
Forensic Science Hair and Fiber Identification | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5640929_forensic-science-hair-fiber-identification.html#ixzz1fXTejytJ
Comparison microscope picture:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_microscope
Wrongfull conviction infor.
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2009/08/06/f-wrongfully-convicted.html
Pic of james dirskell
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2009/08/06/f-wrongfully-convicted.html Famous case: http://qdewill.com/oldsite/famous_cases.htm
History
http://safety-identification-products.com/fingerprint-information.html
Pictures
Fingerprint card:
http://onin.com/fp/fmiru/francis_rojas_fps_1892.jpg
Henry Faulds:
http://www.galton.org/fingerprints/faulds.htm
Types of fingerprints
http://www.fingerprinting.com/types-of-fingerprints.php
Pictures
http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-bloody-fingerprint-image17712625
http://sciencefair.math.iit.edu/projects/fingerprints/
http://sciencefair.math.iit.edu/projects/fingerprints/
Technique and chem for developing
Information:
http://www.bxscience.edu/publications/forensics/articles/fingerprinting/f-fing03.htm
Pictures
http://fingerprinting.umwblogs.org/invention/international-implementation/
http://www.inds.co.uk/forensics/superglue.htm
http://www.bxscience.edu/publications/forensics/articles/fingerprinting/f-fing03.htm
Basic shapes/patterns of fingerprints
information:
http://ridgesandfurrows.homestead.com/fingerprint_patterns.html
pictures:
http://ridgesandfurrows.homestead.com/fingerprint_patterns.html
Collecting and Lifting Prints
Information:
http://www.waysto.org/ways-to-collect-fingerprints.html
Picture:
http://www.binishi.com/forensic-science/prints/fingerprints-intro/146-2/
Hair And Fiber
History:
http://www.ehow.com/about_6102496_forensic-science_-hair-fiber-analysis.html
Complete Hair Pic:
http://www.sadafherbalhairoil.com/HairLifeCycle.asp
Hair and fiber collection techniques:
http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/collect.html#3
Diffrent types of fiber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibers
Picture of fiber:
http://fireflydiapers.com/articles/diaper-article_natural-fibers-absorb.htm
http://www.lawtechcustompublishing.com/activityKits.asp?pid=18
Reliability of Hair and Fiber:
http://www.ehow.com/about_5640929_forensic-science-hair-fiber-identification.html#ixzz1fXTejytJ
Typical Hair and Fiber analysis
Forensic Science Hair and Fiber Identification | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5640929_forensic-science-hair-fiber-identification.html#ixzz1fXTejytJ
Comparison microscope picture:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_microscope
Wrongfull conviction infor.
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2009/08/06/f-wrongfully-convicted.html
Pic of james dirskell
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2009/08/06/f-wrongfully-convicted.html Famous case: http://qdewill.com/oldsite/famous_cases.htm
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)